[00:00:04] Kiran: Mics, camera, action. Welcome to Takaro Explains, and this time we are gonna be talking about August 15th. What is so special about August 15th, Debbie?
[00:00:18] Debkanya: Well, I think most of our listeners already know the answer to this. August 15th was when we celebrated our 80th Independence Day. It's the 80th Independence Day, 79 years of being independent. Isn't that cool?
[00:00:34] Kiran: And this is really confusing. My kids and I have been talking about this and is it 80? Is it 79? And here's a simple explanation, right? When celebrate your birthday, you celebrate a birthday for the year you have completed. So you're born on one day, and then one year later you celebrate your first birthday. But with the Independence Day, is the 80th that we're starting off of independence, and so it's the 80th Independence Day or independence year, but we have not yet completed 80 years. That's amazing, right? It's like
[00:01:15] Debkanya: Amazing explanation. I think you've done a pretty good job, and our listeners have understood what this is. But let's go back a little bit in time to understand why it is so special and who we got independence from. Again, I think a lot of you already know this. India won its independence from the British, who actually came in so many years ago, not to rule India to start with, right?
[00:01:38] Debkanya: They came in to actually trade with India
[00:01:42] Kiran: Yeah. In fact, it was actually not even the British. It was a company. It was actually a business entity called the East India Company. And the East India Company basically in the 1600s so long, long time ago, they actually were deputed by the by the kingdom, by the Queen to come in and start trading with India.
[00:02:08] Debkanya: In fact, it, that was a time when there was a lot of trade that was flourishing, right? It was not just the East India Company. There were many people from Europe, for example, who wanted to trade with Asia because in Asia, there were things that they could not grow or get in their continent. So for example, things like cotton textiles, silk, spices, and this very special crop called indigo as well, which is, you know, indigo is a color, and it's named after that very color with that beautiful blue.
[00:02:37] Debkanya: Well, that's what people wanted in the European continent and other parts of the world, which Asia had a lot of. So they started buying and selling goods and, you know, they came to the Indian subcontinent for that reason
[00:02:49] Kiran: Yeah. And I've read a couple of books around this, and it's actually very interesting. The company, like any company, started growing, and so their ambitions started becoming bigger and bigger. And in fact, when the East India Company started there was actually an understanding that, this is possibly gonna fail and it's not gonna be a success.
[00:03:10] Kiran: It'll just be a couple of missions, couple of ships going to India and coming back. And remember, in those days it was only ships. There were no airplanes, so it took a long time to come from England to India and on the way back. As the company started growing, their ambitions started growing as well because there was more trade and more Maharajas in India started trading with the East India Company, because India was made up of multiple kingdoms. And so they actually started becoming very ambitious about running India as a company
[00:03:42] Debkanya: Hmm. Can you imagine? Now imagine this, okay? A company that sells, for example, chocolate suddenly says, "Okay, now I want to become bigger and bigger. I want to start making rules in terms of how people live in this country. I'm going to decide I'm going to build an army of my own to enforce these rules and make sure people don't break them.
[00:04:03] Debkanya: I'm going to start owning large portions of territory," right? "I'm gonna come in and say, 'Okay, this is mine, and that city is mine, and this town is mine,'" right? That's how it started growing slowly and slowly. So it wasn't behaving like a company anymore. It was behaving like a ruler
[00:04:19] Kiran: Countries go through ups and downs, and so there was a famine in India, there was poverty. So this became a big reason why the East India Company could actually come in and take over a lot more, right?
[00:04:32] Kiran: And so they started actually acquiring land. They started taking over smaller kingdoms by saying, "Hey, let us take over the administration of the entire region."
[00:04:42] Debkanya: Yeah, people got very annoyed. Obviously, the local people, the Indians who've lived on this land for so many years, for generations, suddenly didn't have a say in terms of how to lead their own lives, right? There were too many rules being imposed, and they couldn't even save money.
[00:04:57] Debkanya: They didn't have enough to eat. So there was a huge, huge uprising. An uprising is basically, you could call it a rebellion where people came together. This was in 1857. They got really angry with this East India Company, and Indian soldiers who worked for the company, by the way, they said, "Enough is enough.
[00:05:14] Debkanya: We are not going to listen to you anymore." And there was a big, big fight that happened. The East India Company obviously was very shocked. They didn't expect this to happen. And Britain was being ruled by a queen at that time, that was Queen Victoria, right? She saw what was happening in India, and she saw that the East India Company could not manage its subjects. So she decided that we are going to come in and take over. They can no longer be trusted to rule India and manage this country and manage all the riches that we're getting from it, so we're gonna come in and we're gonna take over
[00:05:48] Kiran: Yep. And this was again 1858. There was actually an act, I forget what the name of the act was, but there was an act which basically transferred the power from East India Company to the actual British monarchy. And a big reason why suddenly a lot of the Indians stood up and they said, "Hey, what is happening over here?" Right? Is that someone else is actually slowly taking over the entire country. And it started as a company, it started as trade, it started as profit, and then suddenly, lives are being controlled by someone else.
[00:06:20] Debkanya: Yeah. But there was a certain amount of confusion for sure at that time because they're like, "Okay, maybe now that the Queen is involved, things will start getting a little better. Maybe they'll be a little bit more fair." But that's not at all what happened because the British Empire had the same exact idea in terms of what they wanted to do with India and its riches, right?
[00:06:40] Debkanya: Which is just take it all away and take it back to their own country. Of course, there was a lot of things that happened at that time to help this movement of goods happen. One, which we still enjoy today, by the way, is the railways, right? A lot of people in India will say, "You know, we must credit the British for building the railway network in India," which is immense, and it is really, really useful and an amazing thing.
[00:07:06] Debkanya: But let's not forget that the railways were never built to make India a better connected country for the Indians. It was built to make it easier for them to trade and take their goods from inside from, from, you know, cities and towns and villages inside India to the ports, right? So ultimately it was to serve their own ends
[00:07:27] Kiran: And it's not just the railways, it's also the postal system was actually developed by the British in order to make communication easier because India is a huge country, and we have always had a massive population. I was looking at a video the other day which basically broke down the population of each state of India today and how it translates into the population of other countries. So each, like Karnataka as a state is the same population as England, which
[00:07:56] Debkanya: Wow
[00:07:57] Kiran: right? Think about it, and we are just one state. And so obviously it wasn't as big in the 1800s and 1900s, but it was still a very densely populated country. Railways, postal,
[00:08:09] Debkanya: Telegraph. Yeah
[00:08:11] Kiran: yeah, to build a commercial ecosystem around it. It wasn't done for welfare, it wasn't done for the benefit of people and building up people's lives, but it was basically meant for commerce and for capitalism
[00:08:24] Debkanya: Yeah. And the other important thing, by the way, which was also established during that time, was our education system. A lot of that still remains today. You know, the British monarchy decided we're going to build more English language schools so that people in India, you know, the locals, start thinking a little bit more like us, you know, so then they will be more sympathetic to what we are trying to do and maybe they'll stop fighting us so much and realize that, oh, our way is the better way.
[00:08:52] Debkanya: But, you know, that kind of backfired a little bit, didn't it?
[00:08:55] Kiran: It did. And the first universities actually were in Calcutta, Bombay, I think Madras. And if you look at it, it was all the ports, right? That's where they started building hubs, the ports of which were easy for ships to come in, bring in the sailors, bring in the army, take out the goods.
[00:09:12] Kiran: And so that's where all the education also started. So some of the oldest British-started universities in India were in those ports. And yeah, it backfired because it suddenly opened up the world for India, right?
[00:09:27] Debkanya: Yeah. And also, you know, concepts. So let's not — I mean, one thing we have to say here, it's not like India did not have its own education system. It did. It actually did have a very, very rich education system, a very rich heritage. But of course, this was, you know, replaced to some extent by the British.
[00:09:44] Debkanya: But concepts that the British celebrated in their own country, like free speech, like liberty, like rights and representation, that also was introduced in India, and suddenly the people were like, "Wait a second. Why don't we have liberty? Why don't we have rights? And why don't we have representation?
[00:10:03] Debkanya: We are, you know, in this country, we should have a say in terms of how the country is run," right? And these concepts were what were introduced because of this education system. And that then led eventually to a group of people, a very educated group of people, to form the Indian National Congress in 1885.
[00:10:24] Debkanya: Now, when the Indian National Congress started in 1885, they were, like we said, highly educated, very well-spoken. So their way of fighting for their rights, you know, the same things that we said, liberty, representation, et cetera, was to write long letters and make very polite requests to the British Empire saying, "Hey, please, can you give us some rights?
[00:10:48] Debkanya: Like, can you please let us make some rules as well?"
[00:10:53] Kiran: Yeah. Can you include us?
[00:10:55] Debkanya: Please.
[00:10:55] Kiran: Pretty much it. Yeah, please. Pretty please. It was the start
[00:10:59] Debkanya: Yeah
[00:11:00] Kiran: of that entire sort of thought process of, hey, can we take some back from the British, right? And we can get into a lot of detail, but I think that'll take forever. And in the interest of this episode's timeline, maybe what we can actually move into is how this entire movement of Satyagraha and, again, peaceful protests, what we covered in the last episode, which is what the Cockroach Janata Party today is building upon. Peaceful protests started becoming a thing, spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi. And this was the early 1900s.
[00:11:35] Debkanya: So the demand for self-rule was becoming stronger and stronger. There were a lot of protests. Gandhi was a key figure who led a lot of these protests, right? Like you were saying, Kiran. In fact, one of the strangest and most amazing stories in any freedom movement, I feel, around the world would be the Salt March or the Dandi March, right?
[00:11:54] Debkanya: This is when Gandhi decided to protest against the fact that the British were taxing us for salt. Now, salt is something we use in our food. Everyone needs salt, right? No matter who you are. And we were...
[00:12:06] Kiran: in our own country
[00:12:07] Debkanya: Exactly. Produced by us, and we were being taxed for it. And so Gandhi said, "This is absolutely not fair. We are going to go and make our own salt." Right? So he started marching from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. This is around 390 kilometers, roughly like as if you're walking from Bombay, from Mumbai to Ahmedabad, right? It took him 24 days. They started off with a small group of people, and this grew into thousands and thousands of people who joined him, and they walked to the sea and made their own salt.
[00:12:36] Debkanya: And this was a huge moment in the struggle for freedom
[00:12:41] Kiran: Yeah. And in fact, it's not just Mahatma Gandhi, right? There are multiple other people also who were involved. There's Bhagat Singh, there's Subhas Chandra Bose, there's Nehru. There's so many different people who actually at how we could get freedom from so many different angles. It
[00:12:58] Kiran: wasn't just one angle. Peaceful protest was one of the main ones, which was really the reason that a lot of things picked up. But there were many others who were not so peaceful as well.
[00:13:08] Debkanya: Yes
[00:13:09] Kiran: trying to also retaliate and,
[00:13:11] Debkanya: felt that, you know, you have to fight for your freedom and armed struggle is the best way. And,
[00:13:16] Debkanya: you
[00:13:16] Debkanya: different schools of thought, but ultimately the goal was the same, which was India needs to be able to decide its own future
[00:13:23] Kiran: And so World War II began in 1939. Now that we've built up —
[00:13:28] Kiran: the British were actually calling upon Indians to fight for the British in World War II, and this happened even in World War I. So Britain was really exhausted of resources. And so that also gave a lot of impetus to our freedom movement to really go out and demand that Britain leave India. And so we're cutting short quite a bit. We can go very detailed. In August 1947, independence happened
[00:14:01] Debkanya: Yeah, that's right. And after years and years and years of fighting, after so many lives were lost in this entire struggle for Indian independence, it finally happened that, you know, the British decided, "Okay, you know what? We can't manage this anymore. It is becoming too expensive for us to handle.
[00:14:20] Debkanya: Maybe we need to leave to make things simpler." But of course, one has to also point out here that they didn't leave things in a very nice way. It was not, "Yay, celebrations all around, everything is amazing now, we have self-rule." The British left things in a very bad mess in the country. The country was already being divided before because the British believed in something called divide and rule, so they were constantly pitting one person against another, one kingdom against another, one religion against another, one community against another.
[00:14:51] Debkanya: And that's what came to a head in 1947 because, again, different political groups wanted different futures for India. One of them was the Muslim League. We've not mentioned this before, but you had the Indian National Congress. A lot of people thought, "Okay, this is primarily a very Hindu party," so there was a group of Muslim leaders who came together and said, "Hey, we want a separate country for the Muslims," right?
[00:15:12] Debkanya: So, you know, lots of communal tensions happened again at this time. Lots of fighting happened, and finally the British, like we said, said, "Okay, we can't handle this anymore. Let's go." August 1947, two new countries were created, right? Which is why on August 14th, 1947, another country was created, that is Pakistan.
[00:15:34] Debkanya: You all know that's our neighbor. And in 1947, August 15th, India got its independence, and that was the famous speech that Jawaharlal Nehru gave, Tryst with Destiny
[00:15:46] Kiran: At the stroke of the midnight hour when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom.
[00:15:52] Debkanya: Yes.
[00:15:53] Kiran: Yeah
[00:15:54] Debkanya: that's what opened up our — that's what started the first day, the first moment of India's independence
[00:16:01] Kiran: And we've been rebuilding ever since, right? Because as you said, it was left in a state of shambles to a large extent, the country, and we've been rebuilding 80 years. We've been through a lot. We've now got a pretty strong position in the world economy today. We're back being one of the top five countries globally. And this year is 80, 20 more years to 100. I'm sure there's gonna be a lot of change again in the next 20 years, and it'll be very interesting. A lot of our listeners are gonna be pretty important in these next
[00:16:33] Debkanya: All of them will be grown-ups. They'll be adults who will play a big role in the way the country is run and in what they're doing about the future of the country. So no pressure, but, you know, it's exciting, right? It's exciting and it's good for you to know that this is where we come from, and hopefully we're going to keep building better and stronger as we go forward
[00:16:57] Kiran: Was a complete history lesson on how we got independence and where and how we have built from there. Do we have a quiz
[00:17:10] Debkanya: Yes, we do have a quiz question. This quiz question requires you to do a little bit of research. I want you to tell me, 15th August is when we celebrate our Independence Day, 26th January is when we celebrate our Republic Day.
[00:17:25] Debkanya: Tell me why we celebrate Republic Day and what was adopted.
[00:17:31] Kiran: Ooh. Excellent. Is it a
[00:17:33] Debkanya: Yeah
[00:17:33] Kiran: one-word answer or you want a complete explanation?
[00:17:36] Debkanya: I want one sentence as the answer
[00:17:40] Kiran: Okay, so basically, what's the significance of 26th January,
[00:17:44] Debkanya: That's right
[00:17:45] Kiran: Republic Day? Excellent. Great question. No options. So until next episode, make sure that you do your research, send in your answers on our website or DM us on Instagram with the help of an adult, and we will see you next week.
[00:18:03] Kiran: Until next week, it is bye-bye
[00:18:07] Debkanya: Goodbye